The Origin of the Chinese New Year

March 19, 2026

最新の会社ニュース The Origin of the Chinese New Year

 

“百节年为首”,中国年,又称春节,是中华民族最隆重、最具代表性的传统节日,承载着数千年的历史积淀与文化基因。其起源并非一蹴而就,而是源于上古先民的自然崇拜、农耕祭祀与民俗传说,历经数朝代演变,最终形成了如今我们熟知的模样,成为凝聚家族情感、传承文化根脉的精神纽带。
The Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is hailed as the "first of all festivals" in China. As the most grand and representative traditional festival of the Chinese nation, it carries thousands of years of historical accumulation and cultural genes. Its origin did not happen overnight, but originated from the nature worship, agricultural sacrifices and folk legends of ancient ancestors. After thousands of years of evolution through dynasties, it has finally formed the appearance we are familiar with today, becoming a spiritual link that unites family emotions and inherits cultural roots.
中国年的起源最早可追溯至上古时期的岁首祭祀。远古先民以农耕为生,对自然规律有着深厚的敬畏之心,他们将庄稼的一个生长周期视为“一年”,甲骨文和金文中的“年”字,便形似一人背负禾稻,寓意五谷丰登、岁物丰成。《尔雅·释天》记载:“夏曰岁,商曰祀,周曰年,唐虞曰载”,可见“年”作为计时单位和节日名称,早在夏商周时期就已形成雏形,当时的先民会在岁首举行盛大的祭祀仪式,祭拜天地、祖先与农神,祈求来年风调雨顺、人畜兴旺,这便是中国年最早的形态。这种祭祀活动不仅是对自然馈赠的感恩,更是先民对美好生活的向往,为中国年注入了“辞旧迎新、祈愿纳福”的核心内涵。
The origin of the Chinese New Year can be traced back to the New Year sacrifices in ancient times. Ancient ancestors made a living by farming and had a deep reverence for the laws of nature. They regarded a growth cycle of crops as a "year". The character "year" in oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions is like a person carrying rice, symbolizing a bumper harvest. "Erya·Shitian" records: "In the Xia Dynasty, it was called Sui; in the Shang Dynasty, Si; in the Zhou Dynasty, Nian; in the Tang and Yu dynasties, Zai". It can be seen that "Nian", as a unit of time and a festival name, had taken shape as early as the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. At that time, the ancestors would hold grand sacrificial ceremonies at the beginning of the year to worship heaven, earth, ancestors and agricultural gods, praying for good weather and prosperity of people and animals in the coming year. This was the earliest form of the Chinese New Year. This kind of sacrificial activity is not only gratitude for the gifts of nature, but also the ancestors' yearning for a better life, injecting the core connotation of "saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new, praying for blessings" into the Chinese New Year.
在民间传说中,“年兽”的故事为中国年的起源增添了浓郁的传奇色彩。相传上古时期,有一种名为“年”的凶猛怪兽,头长触角、性情残暴,长年深居海底或深山,每到岁末寒冬、食物匮乏之时,便会闯入村落,吞食牲畜、伤害人命,百姓深受其害,每到此时便扶老携幼逃往深山躲避。直到有一年除夕,一位乞讨的老人来到村落,告知村民“年”兽最怕红色、火光和炸响。村民们半信半疑,依言在门上张贴红纸、点燃烛火、燃放爆竹,整夜守岁不眠。夜半时分,“年”兽闯入村落,见家家户户灯火通明、红纸高悬,又听到阵阵炸响,顿时浑身战栗、狼狈逃窜,再也不敢露面。第二天,村民们平安归来,纷纷互相道贺,庆祝脱险。从此,每年除夕贴红纸、放爆竹、守岁的习俗便流传开来,成为驱赶邪祟、祈求平安的重要仪式,也让“过年”有了更生动的民俗记忆。
In folk legends, the story of the "Nian Beast" adds a strong legendary color to the origin of the Chinese New Year. According to legend, in ancient times, there was a ferocious monster called "Nian", with long tentacles and a cruel temperament. It lived deep under the sea or in the mountains all year round. Every year at the end of the winter, when food was scarce, it would break into villages, devour livestock and hurt people. The people suffered a lot and fled to the mountains with their families to avoid it at this time. Until one New Year's Eve, an old beggar came to the village and told the villagers that the "Nian" beast was most afraid of the color red, fire and loud noises. Half believing and half doubting, the villagers pasted red paper on their doors, lit candles, set off firecrackers and stayed up all night to keep watch. In the middle of the night, the "Nian" beast broke into the village. Seeing that every household was brightly lit, red paper hung high, and hearing bursts of loud noises, it suddenly shuddered and fled in embarrassment, never daring to appear again. The next day, the villagers returned safely and congratulated each other on their escape. Since then, the customs of pasting red paper, setting off firecrackers and staying up on New Year's Eve have been passed down every year, becoming an important ceremony to drive away evil spirits and pray for peace, and also giving "celebrating the New Year" a more vivid folk memory.
随着历史的演进,中国年的习俗与内涵不断丰富完善。西汉时期,汉武帝太初元年恢复夏朝以正月初一为岁首的纪年法,确立了春节的时间节点,此后这一习俗一直延续至今。从先秦的祭祀祈福,到汉代的守岁、拜年,再到唐宋的贴春联、挂灯笼、吃年夜饭,中国年逐渐从单一的祭祀仪式,发展成为集团圆、祈福、娱乐、民俗于一体的盛大节日。《诗经·七月》中“朋酒斯飨,曰杀羔羊,跻彼公堂,万寿无疆”的诗句,便记载了周代先民庆祝岁首的热闹场景;《荆楚岁时记》中也详细记录了古人岁暮相聚、饮酒迎新的习俗,这些古籍记载,为我们还原了中国年的演变轨迹。
With the evolution of history, the customs and connotations of the Chinese New Year have been constantly enriched and improved. In the Western Han Dynasty, in the first year of Taichu of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the calendar method of taking the first day of the first lunar month as the beginning of the year in the Xia Dynasty was restored, establishing the time node of the Spring Festival, and this custom has continued to this day. From the sacrificial prayers in the pre-Qin period, to the New Year's Eve vigil and New Year greetings in the Han Dynasty, and then to pasting Spring Festival couplets, hanging lanterns and eating New Year's Eve dinner in the Tang and Song dynasties, the Chinese New Year has gradually developed from a single sacrificial ceremony into a grand festival integrating reunion, prayer, entertainment and folk customs. The poem in "The Book of Songs·July" - "Friends drink wine to feast, kill lambs, climb the public hall, and wish longevity" records the lively scene of the ancient people in the Zhou Dynasty celebrating the beginning of the year; "Records of the Customs of the Jingchu Region" also details the customs of the ancients gathering at the end of the year and drinking to welcome the new year. These ancient records restore the evolution track of the Chinese New Year for us.
如今,中国年早已超越了单纯的节日范畴,成为一种文化符号。它承载着先民对自然的敬畏、对丰收的喜悦,也凝聚着中国人“阖家团圆”的家国情怀。无论是贴春联、放爆竹的传统习俗,还是吃年夜饭、守岁拜年的温情场景,都是中国年文化的生动体现。而“年”的传说与农耕祭祀的起源,也让这一节日更具深厚的历史底蕴,历经数千年而不衰,成为中华民族文化自信的重要载体,向世界传递着团圆、祈福、奋进的美好愿景。
Today, the Chinese New Year has long transcended the scope of a simple festival and become a cultural symbol. It carries the ancestors' reverence for nature and joy for a bumper harvest, and also embodies the Chinese people's family and country feelings of "family reunion". Whether it is the traditional customs of pasting Spring Festival couplets and setting off firecrackers, or the warm scenes of eating New Year's Eve dinner and staying up to pay New Year's greetings, they are vivid manifestations of the Chinese New Year culture. The legend of "Nian" and the origin of agricultural sacrifices also endow this festival with profound historical heritage. It has lasted for thousands of years and become an important carrier of the Chinese nation's cultural confidence, conveying the beautiful vision of reunion, prayer and forging ahead to the world.